// ************************************************************************** // // // // eses eses // // eses eses // // eses eseses esesese eses Embedded Systems Group // // ese ese ese ese ese // // ese eseseses eseseses ese Department of Computer Science // // eses eses ese eses // // eses eseses eseseses eses University of Kaiserslautern // // eses eses // // // // ************************************************************************** // // This module implements a nonrestoring division of 2-compl. numbers; i.e. in// // each step, the divisor is subtracted from the dividend and the quotient bit// // is determined by the sign of the result. If the result is negative, the // // correction is combined with the next subtraction which together is then a // // simple addition. // // ************************************************************************** // macro M = 5; // number of digits used for x macro N = 3; // number of digits used for y macro dval(x,i,k) = (i==k-1 ? -(x[i]?1:0) : (x[i]?1:0)); macro intval(x,k) = sum(i=0..k-1) (dval(x,i,k) * exp(2,i)); module IntDivNonrestore([M]bool ?x,[N]bool ?y,[M+1]bool q,[N]bool r) { event [M+1][N+1]bool crr; // carry bits for computing rr event [M+1][N]bool rr; // result of restored remainders event [M+1]bool p; // preliminary quotient event [M+1]bool cp; // carry bits to complement the preliminary quotient event [M]bool cr; // carry bits to compute the final remainder // According to the B-complement digit recursion, we have to compute // rr[m] := x[M-1..0] - alpha(p[M])*y[N-1..0] which is done as follows: // (1) x>=0: computes rr[M][N-1..0] = [false,...,false] // (2) x<0,y>=0: computes rr[M][N-1..0] = [x[M-1],…,x[M-1]] + y[N-1..0] // (3) x<0,y<0: computes rr[M][N-1..0] = [x[M-1],…,x[M-1]] - y[N-1..0] // so that the number rr[M][N-1..0]@x[M-1..0] represents the non-negative // first remainder as required for the digit recursion below. p[M] = x[M-1]; for(j=0..N-1) { let(xin = x[M-1]) let(yin = x[M-1] & (y[N-1] xor y[j])) let(cin = (j==0 ? x[M-1] & y[N-1] : crr[M][j])) FullAdd(xin,yin,cin,crr[M][j+1],rr[M][j]); } // compute remaining quotient digits by subtraction and addition for(iup=0..M-1) let(i=M-1-iup) // thus, i=M-1..0 let(doSub = (i==M-1 ? true : p[i+1])) { //subtract or add for(j=0..N-1) { // compute rr[i][N-1..0] = rr[i+1][N-2..0]@x[i] +/- y[N-1..0] let(xin = (j==0 ? x[i] : rr[i+1][j-1]) ) let(yin = doSub xor y[N-1] xor y[j]) let(cin = (j==0 ? doSub xor y[N-1] : crr[i][j])) FullAdd(xin,yin,cin,crr[i][j+1],rr[i][j]); } // p[i]=false iff rr[i][N-1..0] is negative p[i] = !(i==M-1 ? !crr[i][N] : doSub xor crr[i][N] xor rr[i+1][N-1]); } // determine final quotient and remainder: q = -p if y<0, otherwise q=p for(j=0..M) let(xin = y[N-1] xor p[j]) let(cin = (j==0 ? y[N-1] : cp[j-1])) FullAdd(xin,false,cin,cp[j],q[j]); // if the final partial remainder should be negative, // we have to restore the remainder by an addition for(j=0..N-1) let(yin = !p[0] & (y[N-1] xor y[j])) let(cin = (j==0 ? !p[0] & y[N-1] : cr[j-1])) FullAdd(rr[0][j],yin,cin,cr[j],r[j]); // check the specification if((exists(i=0..N-1) y[i])) { assert(intval(x,M) == intval(y,N) * intval(q,M+1) + intval(r,N)); assert(0 <= intval(r,N)); assert(intval(r,N) < abs(intval(y,N))); } }